A common sign of bladder cancer is blood in the urine (hematuria), which can cause the urine to appear reddish. Other symptoms may include increased urgency to urinate, pain during urination, or lower abdominal pain. However, these symptoms are nonspecific and can also occur with other conditions.
The most significant risk factor is smoking, which accounts for about half of all bladder cancer cases. Other risk factors include exposure to certain chemicals, chronic urinary tract infections, and genetic predisposition.
The diagnosis typically involves a urine test, imaging techniques such as ultrasound or CT, and a cystoscopy.
The therapy depends on the stage of the tumor. Essentially, bladder cancer is classified into non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive types.
Transurethral Resection of the Bladder (TUR-B)
TUR-B is the first step in both diagnosis and treatment. Tumor tissue is removed using an electric loop via the urethra. The suspicious tissue is gradually removed layer by layer, with simultaneous hemostasis. The removed tissue is sent to a pathology lab for histological examination to establish a precise diagnosis. After the resection, the bladder is thoroughly irrigated to remove blood clots or tissue particles. In many cases, a bladder catheter is placed for 1-3 days to relieve the bladder and prevent blood clots. Immediately after the TUR-B, an initial instillation of Epirubicin or Mitomycin may be administered to combat remaining cancer cells and prevent recurrence.
Cystectomy (Surgical Bladder Removal)
For muscle-invasive bladder cancer, partial or complete removal of the bladder may be necessary, with reconstruction through a neobladder or alternative urinary diversion.
Systemic Therapy (Chemotherapy & Immunotherapy)
Used for advanced bladder cancer or metastasis. Immunotherapies are increasingly improving prognosis.
The prognosis largely depends on the tumor stage at diagnosis. Early-stage, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer has a good prognosis with high cure rates. In cases of advanced or metastatic bladder cancer, the prognosis is less favorable, but modern therapies can extend survival.
Is bladder cancer curable?
Yes – especially if detected early. Superficial tumors can often be treated well, but advanced stages require more complex therapies.
How often do I need follow-up care?
Bladder cancer can recur. Regular cystoscopies and checkups are therefore essential – often every 3 to 6 months, depending on the risk.
Can I prevent bladder cancer?
The best protection is not smoking! It is also helpful to drink plenty of fluids and have regular checkups, especially if there is a family history or risk factors.
How dangerous is bladder cancer?
That depends on the stage and the extent of its spread. Superficial tumors have a good prognosis. More invasive forms require more intensive therapies but can also be successfully treated.
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