Renal carcinoma (Kidney cancer)

One of the most common types of kidney cancer and affects thousands of people every year

It primarily affects adults, but can also occur in younger people. This cancer often occurs in the renal parenchyma, the functional tissue layer of the kidney. According to the American Cancer Society (2025), kidney cancer and its various forms account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Although kidney cancer often shows no symptoms in its early stages, it can become a serious health threat if not detected and treated promptly. However, thanks to recent research and modern treatments, the chances of cure have increased.

What are the causes of kidney cancer?

The exact causes of kidney cancer are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing this disease. Some of the most significant include:

Smoking: Studies show that smoking significantly increases the risk of kidney cancer. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), smoking can increase the risk by up to 50%.

Overweight and Obesity: A high body fat percentage is linked to various cancers, including kidney cancer. According to Cancer Research UK, obese individuals are about twice as likely to develop kidney cancer as people with a normal weight.

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for kidney cancer. A comprehensive meta-analysis by PubMed shows that people with high blood pressure are more likely to develop kidney cancer.

Genetic Factors: Certain genetic disorders, such as von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL), increase the risk of kidney cancer. Studies from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have shown that people with this genetic disorder are at higher risk of developing RCC.

Occupational Exposure: Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, such as asbestos and solvents used in some industries, increases the risk of kidney cancer.

What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?

In the early stages of kidney cancer, many people show no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they are often nonspecific and can be mistaken for other conditions. The most common symptoms include:

Blood in the urine (hematuria): This is one of the most noticeable symptoms of kidney cancer. The urine may appear pink, red, or brown if the tumor damages blood vessels in the kidney.

Pain in the lower back or flank: This pain is often sudden and may be caused by the tumor growing and pressing on nearby tissues.

Unintended weight loss: Unexplained weight loss, accompanied by general weakness and fatigue, may indicate advanced cancer.

Fever and chills: These symptoms can suggest an infection or advanced cancer.

Fatigue and loss of appetite: A general feeling of fatigue and a loss of appetite are common symptoms in cancer patients.

How is kidney cancer diagnosed?

The diagnosis of kidney cancer is typically made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic imaging techniques. The key procedures include:

Ultrasound: This is one of the most common methods for diagnosing kidney cancer. It is non-invasive and allows visualization of tumors in the kidney.

CT scan (computed tomography): A CT scan provides detailed images of the kidneys and surrounding tissues. It helps determine the size and exact location of the tumor. In cases of metastatic cancer, the CT scan can also be used to assess the spread of the disease.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): An MRI offers more detailed images and is often used when a CT scan does not provide sufficient information.

Biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy is performed to take tissue samples from the tumor and determine the exact cell type of the cancer.

Modern treatment options for kidney cancer

Thanks to recent scientific advances and clinical studies, the treatment of kidney cancer has significantly improved. The main treatment options include:

Surgical removal (nephrectomy): This is the most common treatment approach for kidney cancer. In nephrectomy, the affected kidney (either partially or completely) is removed. According to a study by the European Association of Urology (2024), patients with localized and early-detected cancer show a high survival rate of up to 90%.

Targeted therapy: Targeted drugs that focus on specific genes and proteins that promote tumor growth have led to significant progress in recent years. This treatment option is especially effective when the tumor is advanced and has spread to other organs.

Immunotherapy: One of the newest developments in kidney cancer treatment is immunotherapy, which activates the body’s immune system to fight the cancer. Clinical studies, including one published by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) in 2024, show promising results for the use of checkpoint inhibitors that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): This is a minimally invasive treatment method in which high-frequency waves are used to heat and destroy the tumor. This method is often used for small tumors or for patients who are not suitable candidates for a complete surgery.

Radiotherapy: Radiation therapy is used in advanced stages of kidney cancer or for treating metastases to shrink the tumor and relieve pain.

Prognosis and prevention of kidney cancer

The prognosis for kidney cancer largely depends on the stage of the disease. Early-diagnosed kidney cancer has a very good prognosis, with a survival rate of 90% or more for localized cancer. However, for advanced kidney cancer that has spread to other organs, the chances of cure decrease significantly.

There is no guaranteed method to completely prevent kidney cancer, but some measures can reduce the risk:

Quit smoking: Giving up smoking can significantly lower the risk.

Healthy diet and weight management: A balanced diet low in animal fats and maintaining a healthy weight can help lower the risk.

Regular medical check-ups: For individuals with a higher risk (e.g., family history of kidney cancer), regular screenings and imaging tests are important.

FAQ - About Kidney cancer

Can kidney cancer be painless?

Yes, kidney cancer can be painless, especially in the early stages, and therefore difficult to detect. Symptoms become more frequent only when the tumor grows and presses on neighboring organs or metastasizes.

How can you reduce your risk of kidney cancer?

Avoiding risk factors such as smoking and obesity can reduce the risk. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and controlling high blood pressure can also help reduce the risk.

How long do you live with kidney cancer?

Life expectancy depends largely on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In the early stages, the prognosis is very good, and the chances of cure are high. In advanced stages where the cancer has metastasized, life expectancy can vary depending on the response to treatment. Regular follow-up examinations are important to ensure a cure and detect possible relapses early.